Culturally Rooted Leadership and Its Role in Shaping School Climate and Teacher Competence: The Case of Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31538/munaddhomah.v7i1.2247Keywords:
Culturally rooted leadership, Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodo, school climate, teacher competence, elementary education, IndonesiaAbstract
This study investigates the influence of school principals’ leadership, grounded in the Javanese philosophy of Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodo, which, in English, at the front gives an example, and the school climate on the professional competence of elementary school teachers in Indonesia. The Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodo philosophy emphasizes the role of leaders as role models who inspire and guide their subordinates. A positive and supportive school climate is likewise considered essential for fostering teacher development. Adopting a quantitative research design, this study involved 122 elementary school teachers selected through cluster sampling in Lampung Province, Indonesia. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS 3.0. The results of the study indicate that leadership grounded in Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodo and a conducive school climate have a positive, statistically significant effect on improving teacher competency (p < 0.001). This result differs from most studies of educational leadership at the global level, which still focus on the dominance of Western leadership models and rarely integrate local cultural values as the primary basis for analysis. This study explicitly fills this gap by presenting a leadership model rooted in local wisdom. This study provides a new space for empirical testing of culture-based leadership to improve teacher competency. This area has so far been under-researched in the international literature. Theoretically, this study enriches the study of educational leadership by broadening the perspective of leadership models through the integration of non-Western cultural values. Practically and internationally, this study can provide important implications for policymakers and school administrators, especially in multicultural and developing countries, in designing leadership development programs and school governance that are contextual, globally relevant, and sensitive to local culture.
Downloads
References
A Senapathi, T., Widnyana, I., & Cindryani, M. (2017). Leadership in anesthesiology: not just a one man show. Bali Journal of Anesthesiology, 1(2), 39. https://doi.org/10.15562/bjoa.v1i2.13
Abdullah, Y., Rahmawati, & Damhuri. (2020). Implementation of Teacher Performance Assessment in Learning Supervision Activities at State Elementary Schools 04 Duhiadaa. Tadbir: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 8(2), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.30603/tjmpi.v8i2.1294
Agustin, E. W., & Sugiyono. (2019). Development of Curriculum 2013 as an Effort to Improve the Quality of Education in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Current Issues in Education (ICCIE 2018), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2991/iccie-18.2019.32
Agustina, M., Kristiawan, M., & Tobari. (2021). The Influence of Principal’s Leadership and School’s Climate on The Work Productivity of Vocational Pharmacy Teachers in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Review, 3(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.33369/ijer.v3i1.11858
Al-Emran, M., Mezhuyev, V., & Kamaludin, A. (2019). PLS-SEM in Information Systems Research: A Comprehensive Methodological Reference (pp. 644–653). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99010-1_59
Ally, M. (2019). Competency Profile of the Digital and Online Teacher in Future Education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.4206
Amtu, O., Makulua, K., Matital, J., & Pattiruhu, C. M. (2020). Improving Student Learning Outcomes through School Culture, Work Motivation and Teacher Performance. International Journal of Instruction, 13(4), 885–902. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13454a
Anita Pankake, & Chuey Abrego. (2017). Lead with Me: A Principal’s Guide to Teacher Leadership. Routledge.
Annisa, N., Akrim, A., & Manurung, A. A. (2020). Development Of Teacher’s Professional Competency In Realizing Quality Of Human Resources In The Basic School. IJEMS:Indonesian Journal of Education and Mathematical Science, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.30596/ijems.v1i2.4590
Arifin, A. L., & Hermawan, E. (2022). Portraying Cendekia Leadership in the Perspective of Ki Hajar Dewantara’s Trilogy. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 14(1), 811–820. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v14i1.1821
Asnawan, A. (2020). Exploring Education Character Thought of Ki Hajar Dewantara and Thomas Lickona. International Journal on Advanced Science, Education, and Religion, 3(3), 164–174. https://doi.org/10.33648/ijoaser.v3i3.83
Astuti, R. W., Fitria, H., & Rohana, R. (2020). The Influence of Leadership Styles and Work Motivation on Teacher’s Performance. Journal of Social Work and Science Education, 1(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.52690/jswse.v1i2.33
Ayu, H. D., Jufriadi, A., & Pratiwi, H. Y. (2025). Transformation of Critical Thinking in Environmental Education: Integration of Project-Based Learning and Technology. Online Learning In Educational Research (OLER), 5(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.58524/oler.v5i1.598
Bellibaş, M. Ş., Karaferye, F., & Walker, A. (2025). How cultural context shapes school leadership and its effectiveness: A systematic review. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432251396683
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (2019). Reframing the Path to School Leadership: A Guide for Teachers and Principals. CORWIN-Sage.
Brass, J., & Holloway, J. (2021). Re-professionalizing teaching: the new professionalism in the United States. Critical Studies in Education, 62(4), 519–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2019.1579743
Dacholfany, M. I., Suseno, N., Syofyan, H., & Fadli, M. R. (2024). Educational management in improving the quality of teachers in senior high schools. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 13(5), 3100. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i5.29844
Darling-Hammond, L. (2020). Accountability in Teacher Education. Action in Teacher Education, 42(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2019.1704464
Dayanty, A. D., & Nuryani, P. (2023). Pedagogical competence study of elementary school teacher (Pedagogical studies using the Delphi technique). 080004. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0143011
DeMatthews, D., Billingsley, B., McLeskey, J., & Sharma, U. (2020). Principal leadership for students with disabilities in effective inclusive schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 58(5), 539–554. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-10-2019-0177
Didion, L., Toste, J. R., & Filderman, M. J. (2020). Teacher Professional Development and Student Reading Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 13(1), 29–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2019.1670884
Ditya, R. A., Putri, S. Y., Salsabilla M. W., T., & Indrapangastuti, D. (2023). Teacher Professionalism and Challenges in Facing an Independent Curriculum. Social, Humanities, and Educational Studies (SHES): Conference Series, 6(1), 566. https://doi.org/10.20961/shes.v6i1.71179
Englmaier, F., Grimm, S., Grothe, D., Schindler, D., & Schudy, S. (2025). The value of leadership: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment. The Leadership Quarterly, 36(3), 101869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2025.101869
Fadli, M. R. (2024). Digital Pedagogy Philosophy: Building Critical Awareness of The Role of Technology in Education. Jurnal Filsafat, 34(2), 307. https://doi.org/10.22146/jf.93321
Fadli, M. R., Mujazi, M., Syofyan, H., & Rosyid, A. (2024). Self-Directed Learning and Digital Literacy in Social Studies Learning: Efforts to Improve Students’ Critical Thinking. Pedagogika, 154(2), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.15823/p.2024.154.2
Fitriasari, S., Masyitoh, I. S., & Baeihaqi. (2020). The Role of Pancasila Education Teachers and Citizenship in Strengthening Character Education Based on Pancasila Values. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Civic Education Conference (ACEC 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200320.101
George Theoharis, & Martin Scanlan. (2021). Leadership for Increasingly Diverse Schools. Routledge.
Habsa, R., & Prasetyo, H. E. (2018). Ki Hajar Dewantara’s Leadership Trilogy of The Main Character of Lean on Me Movie. JELLT (Journal of English Language and Language Teaching), 2(2), 81. https://doi.org/10.36597/jellt.v2i2.3276
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). An Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling. In Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. Classroom Companion: Business (pp. 1–29). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_1
Hartiwi, H., Kozlova, A. Y., & Masitoh, F. (2020). The Effect of Certified Teacher and Principal Leadership Toward Teachers’ Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL REVIEW, 2(1), 70–88. https://doi.org/10.33369/ijer.v2i1.10629
Hermawan, A., & B. Tan, E. (2021). Philosophy education: “tut wuri handayani” as the spirit of process governance in Indonesia educational organization. Jurnal EDUCATIO: Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 7(2), 100. https://doi.org/10.29210/120212867
Hoque, K. E., Bt Kenayathulla, H. B., D/O Subramaniam, M. V., & Islam, R. (2020). Relationships Between Supervision and Teachers’ Performance and Attitude in Secondary Schools in Malaysia. SAGE Open, 10(2), 215824402092550. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020925501
Howard, S. K., Tondeur, J., Ma, J., & Yang, J. (2021). What to teach? Strategies for developing digital competency in preservice teacher training. Computers & Education, 165, 104149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104149
Hoyle, R. H. (2023). Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Publications.
Imron, A., Wiyono, B. B., Hadi, S., Gunawan, I., Abbas, A., Saputra, B. R., & Perdana, D. B. (2020). Teacher Professional Development to Increase Teacher Commitment in the Era of the Asean Economic Community. Proceedings of the 2nd Early Childhood and Primary Childhood Education (ECPE 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201112.059
Iriany, I. S., & Paciana, R. (2019). The Improvement of High Education Quality In Indonesia Through The Character Education. Journal Of Educational Experts (JEE), 2(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.30740/jee.v2i1p15-26
Jafar, L. (2021). Academic Supervision: to Increase Teacher Work Motivation. Amerta Media.
Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. B. (2022). Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches. Sage.
Johnston, J., McKenna, L., Malik, G., & Reisenhofer, S. (2024). Transforming personally and professionally through global cultural experience: A grounded theory study. Nursing Outlook, 72(6), 102294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2024.102294
Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Kusnadi, K. (2023). Distance Education Based on Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodho, Ing Madyo Mangun Karso, Tut Wuri Handayani: An Alternative to Strengthening Education Pillars. International Conference on Multidisciplinary Academic Studies 2022, 1–12.
Kuznetsova, H., Danylchenko, I., Zenchenko, Т., Rostykus, N., & Lushchynska, O. (2024). Incorporating innovative technologies into higher education teaching: Mastery and implementation perspectives for educators. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7, 2024spe027. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024spe027
Long, E., Zucca, C., & Sweeting, H. (2021). School Climate, Peer Relationships, and Adolescent Mental Health: A Social Ecological Perspective. Youth & Society, 53(8), 1400–1415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X20970232
Maharani, F., & Soesanto, R. H. (2022). Among System from Ki Hajar Dewantara’s Teaching: Building a Responsive Attitude of Students in Following Online Learning. Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Dan Kajian Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran, 8(1), 227. https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v8i1.4290
Makorohim, M. F., Yulianti, M., Alficandra, Henjilito, R., Abdullah, N. M., & Lobo, J. (2022). Readiness to become a physical education teacher: An analysis of the four teacher competencies. Journal Sport Area, 7(3), 485–497. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2022.vol7(3).9269
Martinah, M. (2023). The Educational Concept of Ki Hajar Dewantara in Kindergarten. PPSDP International Journal of Education, 2(1), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.59175/pijed.v2i1.76
McCarley, T. A., Peters, M. L., & Decman, J. M. (2016). Transformational leadership related to school climate. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 44(2), 322–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143214549966
McGiboney, G. W. (2023). The Psychology of School Climate, 2nd Edition. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Memon, M. A., T., R., Cheah, J.-H., Ting, H., Chuah, F., & Cham, T. H. (2021). PLS-SEM Statistical Programs: A Review . Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 5(1), i–xiv. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.5(1)06
Mueller, R. O., & Hancock, G. R. (2018). Structural Equation Modeling. In The Reviewer’s Guide to Quantitative Methods in the Social Sciences. Routledge.
Mumpuniarti, M., Handoyo, R. R., Phytanza, D. T., & Barotuttaqiyah, D. (2020). Teacher’s pedagogy competence and challenges in implementing inclusive learning in slow learner. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 39(1), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i1.28807
Navaridas-Nalda, F., Clavel-San Emeterio, M., Fernández-Ortiz, R., & Arias-Oliva, M. (2020). The strategic influence of school principal leadership in the digital transformation of schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 112, 106481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106481
Novianti, N., & Nurlaelawati, I. (2019). Pedagogical Competence Development of University Teachers With Non-Education Background: The Case of A Large University of Education In Indonesia. International Journal of Education, 11(2), 172. https://doi.org/10.17509/ije.v11i2.15711
Nugroho, S. (2021). Ki Hadjar Dewantara leadership development and its effect on sustainable shareholder value moderated by it and business strategy alignment. Journal of Data, Information and Management, 3(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42488-020-00038-8
Ofosu-Asare, Y. (2024). Developing classroom ICT teaching techniques, principles and practice for teachers in rural Ghana without access to computers or internet: a framework based on literature review. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 41(3), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-04-2023-0045
Otynshina, G., Dusembinova, R., Odintsova, S., Aidarbekova, K., & Shaushekova, B. (2024). Development of pedagogical competences for future primary school teachers through distance learning. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 43(2), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v43i2.55290
Özgenel, M. (2019). The Role Of Teacher Performance In School Effectiveness. International Journal of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, 4(10), 417–434. https://doi.org/10.35826/ijetsar.42
Pane, D. M. (2015). The Story of Drama Club: A Contemporary Counternarrative of a Transformative Culture of Teaching and Learning for Disenfranchised Black Youth in the School-to-Prison Pipeline. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 5(3), 242. https://doi.org/10.17583/remie.2015.1522
Pattier, D. (2023). Comunicación y Modelos Docentes Emergentes: un Estudio sobre los Profesores Youtubers. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17583/remie.9887
Riadi, M. E., Biyanto, B., & Prasetiya, B. (2022). The Effectiveness of Teacher Professionalism in Improving the Quality of Education. KnE Social Sciences, 517–527. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11253
Rohma, S., Harapan, E., & Wardiah, D. (2020). The Influence of School-Based Management and Teacher’s Professionalism toward Teacher’s Performance. Journal of Social Work and Science Education, 1(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.52690/jswse.v1i1.6
Saleem, A., Aslam, S., Yin, H., & Rao, C. (2020). Principal Leadership Styles and Teacher Job Performance: Viewpoint of Middle Management. Sustainability, 12(8), 3390. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083390
Sanchez, J. E., Paul, J. M., & Thornton, B. W. (2022). Relationships among teachers’ perceptions of principal leadership and teachers’ perceptions of school climate in the high school setting. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 25(6), 855–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2019.1708471
Sandra, L., & Juniar, D. R. (2021). Ki Hajar Dewantara’s Educational Philosophy: Among and Student’s Academic Performance. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210407.224
Sari, M. D. (2023). Reflection on the Ethics of Educator Accountants in the Concept of Life Philosophy of Ki Hajar Dewantara. Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Dan Multikulturalisme, 5(2), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.37680/scaffolding.v5i2.2749
Schipper, T. M., de Vries, S., Goei, S. L., & van Veen, K. (2020). Promoting a professional school culture through lesson study? An examination of school culture, school conditions, and teacher self-efficacy. Professional Development in Education, 46(1), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2019.1634627
Schiuma, G., Schettini, E., Santarsiero, F., & Carlucci, D. (2022). The transformative leadership compass: six competencies for digital transformation entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(5), 1273–1291. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-01-2021-0087
Setyaningsih, S., & Suchyadi, Y. (2021). Implementation of Principal Academic Supervision to Improve Teacher Performance In North Bogor. JHSS (JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES), 5(2), 179–183. https://doi.org/10.33751/jhss.v5i2.3909
Siahaan, A., Aswaruddin, A., Maulidayan, M., Zaki, A., Sari, N., & Rahman, A. A. (2023). Principal Leadership Ethics as A Role Model in High School. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(3), 2834–2845. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.1563
Siri, A., Supartha, I. W. G., Sukaatmadja, I. P. G., & Rahyuda, A. G. (2020). Does teacher competence and commitment improve teacher’s professionalism. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1781993. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1781993
Siti Malikhah Towaf. (2016). The National Heritage of Ki Hadjar Dewantara in Tamansiswa About Culture-Based Education and Learning . Journal of Education and Practice, 7(23), 1–16.
Splitter, V., Dobusch, L., von Krogh, G., Whittington, R., & Walgenbach, P. (2023). Openness as Organizing Principle: Introduction to the Special Issue. Organization Studies, 44(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406221145595
Stockemer, D. (2019). Quantitative Methods for the Social Sciences. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99118-4
Sukadari, Huda, M., Perianto, E., Haryanto, & Subarkah, E. (2021). Improving Education Quality Of Secondary School In Indonesia: An Empirical Research. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 56(4), 330–337. https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.28
Suratman, S., Arafat, Y., & Eddy, S. (2020). The Influence of Principal’s Leadership and Teacher’s Competence toward Teacher’s Performance in Indonesia. Journal of Social Work and Science Education, 1(2), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.52690/jswse.v1i2.32
Tambak, S., Mahfud, C., Latipah, E., & Sukenti, D. (2021). Professional Madrasah Teachers in Teaching: The Influence of Gender and the Length of Certification of Madrasah Teachers. Dinamika Ilmu, 417–435. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v21i2.3527
Tan, C. Y. (2024). Influence of Cultural Values on Singapore School Leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(2), 280–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432211073414
Tan, C. Y., Dimmock, C., & Walker, A. (2021). How school leadership practices relate to student outcomes: Insights from a three-level meta-analysis. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 174114322110614. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432211061445
Tjabolo, S. A., & Herwin, H. (2020). The Influence of Teacher Certification on the Performance of Elementary School Teachers in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 13(4), 347–360. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13422a
Toropova, A., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2021). Teacher job satisfaction: the importance of school working conditions and teacher characteristics. Educational Review, 73(1), 71–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2019.1705247
Triyono, B. M., Mohib, N., Kassymova, G. K., Pratama, G. N. I. P., Adinda, D., & Arpentieva, M. R. (2020). The Profile Improvement of Vocational School Teachers’ Competencies. Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia, 29(2), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2020-29-2-151-158
Ulfathmi, U., Arafat, Y., & Setiawan, A. A. (2021). The Influence of Principal Leadership and Work Motivation on Teacher Performance. Journal of Social Work and Science Education, 2(2), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.52690/jswse.v2i2.238
UNESCO-GEMR. (2021). How committed? Unlocking financing for equity in education. UNESCO.
Werang, B. R. (2023). School Principal Leadership, Teachers’ Commitment and Morale in Remote Elementary Schools of Indonesia. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 13(3), 325–347. https://doi.org/10.17583/remie.9546
Wong, K. K.-K. (2019). Mastering Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (Pls-Sem) with Smartpls. iUniverse.
Yada, T., Kashiwagi, T., Nishino, M., Ono, M., Honjo, M., & Sato, H. (2025). A case study of successful leadership by an elementary school principal in Japan. Journal of Educational Administration, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-11-2024-0384
Yuliana, L., Setiawan, J., & Fadli, M. R. (2023). The performance of vocational high school principal’s learning supervision in Indonesia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 12(3), 1486. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i3.24995
Zalli, E. (2024). Globalization and Education: Exploring the Exchange of Ideas, Values, and Traditions in Promoting Cultural Understanding and Global Citizenship. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development, 11(1 S1), 55. https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv11n1s109
Zhang, H., & Tian, M. (2025). Unpacking the multi-dimensional nature of teacher competencies: a systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 69(5), 1004–1025. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2024.2369867
Zhao, Y., Zhao, M., & Shi, F. (2023). Integrating Moral Education and Educational Information Technology: A Strategic Approach to Enhance Rural Teacher Training in Universities. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(3), 15053–15093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01693-z
Zimmer, W. K., McTigue, E. M., & Matsuda, N. (2021). Development and validation of the teachers’ digital learning identity survey. International Journal of Educational Research, 105(1), 1–10.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ihsan Dacholfany, Agus Wibowo, Cipto Handoko, M. Sururi, Muhammad Rijal Fadli, Mohd Mahzan Awang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Munaddhomah: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/munaddhomah
