Corrections and Retractions Policy

Chalim Journal of Teaching and Learning is committed to maintaining the accuracy, reliability, transparency, and integrity of the scholarly record. The journal recognizes its responsibility to address significant errors, unreliable findings, and publication ethics concerns identified after publication. This policy is consistent with the journal's Publication Ethics and Allegation of Misconduct policies and is informed by the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

1. Corrections

A correction may be issued when a published article contains an error that affects its accuracy, clarity, attribution, or interpretation but does not invalidate the overall findings and conclusions. Such errors may involve data presentation, figures, tables, author information, references, or other significant aspects of the publication.

The editorial team will evaluate the nature and significance of the error and determine whether a formal correction notice is necessary. When appropriate, the correction will clearly describe the changes, identify the original article, and be linked to the publication record. Minor typographical errors that do not affect meaning or interpretation may not require a formal notice.

2. Retractions

A published article may be retracted when the editorial team determines that its findings or conclusions are unreliable or that serious publication ethics violations justify retraction. Grounds for retraction may include:

• Fabrication, falsification, or serious manipulation of research data or findings.
• Major errors that render the findings or conclusions unreliable.
• Plagiarism or substantial unauthorized use of another person's work.
• Redundant or duplicate publication without appropriate disclosure or justification.
• Serious ethical violations involving research participants, consent, or required ethical approval.
• Manipulation of the peer review or publication process that compromises the integrity of the article.

Retraction decisions will be based on available evidence and the reliability of the published work. An article may be retracted even when misconduct has not been established, if its findings are sufficiently unreliable. The final editorial decision rests with the Editor-in-Chief or an appropriately designated independent editor.

3. Expressions of Concern

An expression of concern may be issued when serious questions about a published article remain unresolved, an investigation is ongoing, or available evidence is inconclusive but readers should be informed of potential concerns about the reliability or integrity of the work.

An expression of concern does not constitute a final determination of misconduct. The journal will review the notice when further evidence becomes available and may subsequently issue a correction, retraction, or another appropriate editorial statement.

4. Reporting and Investigation Procedures

Authors, readers, reviewers, researchers, and institutions may report significant errors or suspected publication misconduct to the Editorial Office. Reports should identify the relevant article and provide a clear explanation with supporting evidence where available.

The editorial team will conduct an initial assessment, consider potential conflicts of interest, and determine whether further investigation is required. The corresponding author will normally be invited to provide an explanation and relevant documentation. Independent experts or research institutions may be consulted when appropriate.

The journal will seek to handle investigations fairly, confidentially, and without unnecessary delay. Authors will be given a reasonable opportunity to respond, although the absence of author agreement does not prevent the journal from taking necessary editorial action.

5. Publication of Correction and Retraction Notices

Formal correction and retraction notices will be published in a manner that allows readers to identify the affected article and understand the editorial action. Notices should:

• Clearly identify the notice as a Correction, Retraction, or Expression of Concern.
• Provide the title, authors, and publication details of the affected article.
• Explain the reason for the editorial action in clear and factual language.
• Identify the party issuing the notice where appropriate.
• Be linked to the original article and remain publicly accessible.
• Include appropriate publication metadata and persistent identifiers where supported.

Retraction notices should be issued as promptly as reasonably possible after the relevant editorial decision.

6. Accessibility of Retracted Articles

Retracted articles will normally remain accessible as part of the scholarly record but will be clearly identified as retracted. The journal will seek to display a prominent retraction indication on the article landing page and published file, with a link to the retraction notice.

Removal of an article from public access will be considered only in exceptional circumstances, such as legal requirements, serious privacy violations, or risks of significant harm. Where removal is necessary, an appropriate public record of the editorial action will be maintained whenever possible.

7. DOI and Publication Metadata

The journal will seek to maintain persistent links between the original article and any correction, expression of concern, or retraction notice. Where applicable, article metadata registered with Crossref or other relevant services will be updated to reflect the publication status and relationships between records.

Corrections and retractions will be documented transparently so that readers, indexing services, and scholarly databases can identify the publication history.

8. Author Responsibilities and Appeals

Authors who discover significant errors in their published work must promptly notify the Editorial Office and cooperate in assessing and correcting the scholarly record.

Authors may submit a reasoned appeal concerning a correction or retraction decision, supported by relevant evidence. Appeals will be evaluated fairly and, where practicable, by an editor who was not directly involved in the original decision. Appeals do not automatically suspend editorial action necessary to protect readers and the scholarly record.

9. Editorial Responsibility and Transparency

The Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board are responsible for evaluating post-publication concerns and determining appropriate editorial responses. Decisions will be guided by the seriousness of the issue, available evidence, scholarly reliability, and applicable publication ethics principles.

The journal may cooperate with authors' institutions and other relevant bodies when formal investigation is necessary. Editorial actions will be proportionate, documented, and communicated appropriately.